William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 2829 Words

The task of editing Romeo and Juliet has become even more daunting of late. Not only is there the vast critical and performance history of one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays to present intelligibly to modern readers. But new regard for the first quarto 1 (1597), has also complicated the relationship with the longer quarto 2 (1599), on which all modern editions are based In Shakespeares day, there was no ‘correct’ way to punctuate, just as there was no ‘correct’ way to spell. Moreover, it is very important to remember that Shakespeare was not an author but a playwright. He wrote plays intended to be spoken and acted before an audience, not books intended to be read quietly to oneself. Shakespeare employed not grammatical but†¦show more content†¦Some editors believe that the first quarto gives the author s first draft of the play, and the second the form it took after he had revised and enlarged it; but the majority of critics agree that the first quarto was a pirated edition, and represents in an abbreviated and imperfect form the play subsequently printed in full in the second. The former was made up partly from copies of portions of the original play, partly from recollection and from notes taken during the performance; the latter was from an authentic copy, and a careful comparison of the text with the earlier o ne shows that in the meantime the play underwent revision, received some slight augmentation, and in some few places must have been entirely rewritten. The third quarto (1609) was a reprint of the second, from which it differs by a few corrections, and more frequently by additional errors. It is from this edition that the text of the first folio is taken, with some changes in the punctuation and the stage directions. The earliest reference to the play in the literature of the time is in a sonnet to Shakespeare by John Weever, written probably in 1595 or 1596, though not published until 1599. After referring to Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, Weever adds: Romeo, Richard, more whose names I know not, Their sugred tongues and power attractive beuty Say they are saints... No other allusion of earlier date than the publication of the first quarto has been discovered. S.D.] Romeo doesn t enter at

Personality Theory Free Essays

Learning is defined as Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience (Coon). It is not, however, a temporary change caused by outside forces. Therefore, things such as motivation, disease and injury cannot be considered to be a form of learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is because once the disease, injury, etc. has been removed, behavior will return to it s state before the influence. There are 2 main keys to every learning process: the reinforcement, which is anything that increases the chances that the desired response will take place, and the response, which is the behavior that takes place as a reaction to the reinforcement. An antecedent is the event which takes place before a response, and is the basis for Classical Conditioning. A consequence is something that follows a response, and is the foundation for what psychologists call Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is based on what takes place before a response. It begins with some action that will inevitably produce a response. That action is then associated with another that does not induce a response, or a Neutral Stimulus. After enough repetition, the neutral stimulus which did not previously produce a response will now, on its own, produce the response of the action it was coupled with. It is now what is called a Conditioned Stimulus, or a stimulus that produces a response because it has been paired with another. A good example of Classical Conditioning is presented by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Physiologist. Pavlov noticed that his dogs would drool when he put food in their mouths. After some time passed, he noticed that the dogs would begin to drool upon seeing the food. Then, the dogs began drooling at the sight of Pavlov. It was then that Pavlov noticed that learning had taken place. The dogs had associated the food with the appearance of Pavlov. The dog s drooling did not have to be learned: it was what is called a reflex, or an automatic response. The reflex is a type of Unconditioned Response, a response that happens on its own. That reflex to drool was finally paired with seeing Pavlov and expecting to be fed. Eventually, the sight of Pavlov was enough to make the dog drool, without ever presenting food. The dog s drooling had then become a Conditioned Response, or a response that has been conditioned by stimuli. This is a prime example of Classical Conditioning. Operant Conditioning focuses on consequences, or what follows a response. In this type of conditioning, a response is followed by some type of reinforcement. This reinforcement can be something good, something bad, or nothing at all. If an action results in a punishment, the action is less likely to take place. However, if the action is followed by reinforcement, such as praise, food, or other rewards, the action is more likely to be repeated. An example of Operant Conditioning is found in the works of B. F. Skinner. Although he rejected the ideas of theories of learning, (Skinner), he is well known for one of his creations, dubbed the Skinner Box. A skinner box is a small, barren chamber into which a hungry rat is placed. The box is featureless, except for a lever on one wall. As the rat explores, it accidentally presses this lever, and a pellet of food or a drop of water is released. Eventually, the rat will learn to correspond the lever to receiving a food pellet. He will then move the lever when he is hungry. This is called the Law of Effect: responses that have desirable effects are repeated, while negative effects will lessen the tendency for the response to take place. What has happened is a good example of Operant Conditioning. The rat is hungry. The rat, then, has had reinforcement (the food pellet) to perform a response (the lever press). In this situation, the food pellet acts as an Operant Reinforcer, or something that encourages the event which it follows. In both of these instances, Acquisition has occurred. Acquisition is the training in which learning occurs. Once it has taken place, Expectancy comes into view. Expectancy is the anticipation that the learned conditioning will continue to produce the same response. However, if the reinforcement is taken away from conditioning, we can expect that the conditioned response will begin to fade. This is called Extinction. This occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of it s reinforcement. However, occasionally, a response may resurface after it is believed to be extinct. This is known as Spontaneous Recovery. Once a response has been conditioned, the response will continue to take place unless the reinforcement is removed. In many cases, however, a reinforcement that is similar to the original will still bring about the desired response. This is called Stimulus Generalization. An example of this would be if someone who looked like Pavlov walked into the view of the dogs. They may begin drooling because of their conditioning to do so at the appearance of Pavlov. After some time, though, the dogs will learn to distinguish between Pavlov and the imposter. After that point, the dogs would respond differently to the 2 men. This learning is known as Stimulus Discrimination. Conditioning has been very useful to psychologists and social workers who want to effect behavior. However, these laws of conditioning can have negative repercussions. For instance, phobias stem from conditioning, usually in early childhood. For instance, a child could have a negative experience with a kitten, or other house pet. This negative experience, previously a Neutral Stimulus, has now been linked with fear, anxiety, and other negative emotional responses. This process is called Conditioned emotional response. This creates a phobia, or an unrealistic fear of a thing or situation. There are different ways to treat and cure phobias. The first is called Desensitization. This would be used, for example, with a person with a fear of heights. The person would gradually be taken higher off the ground, perhaps over days, weeks, or longer. This would gradually introduce them to the fear and eventually allow them to be free of the phobia. In more extreme cases, a conditioning called Vicarious Classical Conditioning is used. If someone had an extreme phobia of snakes, the person might be exposed to a video tape of someone holding a snake. Through small steps such as these, the person could eventually recover from the phobia. How to cite Personality Theory, Essay examples

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Under the vision of Sam Walton, founder, Wal-Mart has become the number one global retailer. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is headquarter in Bentonville, Arkansas. In 1975, Wal-Mart became the largest publicly held company when it began selling shares over the counter. In 1979, Wal-Mart stores introduced the pharmacy, auto service center, and jewelry center. It was the fastest growing retailer with stores 38 stores and 44. million dollars in sales. Throughout the decades, Wal-Mart continued to add stores in different states across the U. S. and continued to dominate the retail industry. In 1990, Wal-Mart became the nation’s number one retailer and introduced Sam’s American Choice; a quality generic brand for many foods and drinks. The company stated, â€Å"Americans deserve to have quality alternatives to the rising prices of food. † Also, during the 1990’s, Wal-Mart became an international company by opening the doors of Sam’s Club in Puerto Rico. During that same decade, Wal-Mart expanded to Canada and Hong Kong. To present date, Wal-Mart has stores located in the following countries; United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rico, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea, and United Kingdom. The types of market systems and legal systems that exist in the countries where Wal-Mart operates are: common law, civil law, theocratic law, customary law, or mixed legal systems. †¢ Common Law – A common law system is based on tradition, judge-made precedent, and usage. It gives preeminence to existing case law in guiding dispute resolution. Civil Law – A civil law system is based on the systematic codification of laws and codes. Civil law systems charge political officials – not government-employed judges – with responsibility for specifying accessible, detailed, and written law that applies to all citizens. International Business 2 †¢ Theocratic Law – A theocratic law system relies on religious doctrine, precepts, and beliefs to define the legal environment. Ultimate legal authority is vested in religious leaders, who apply religious law to regulate business transactions and social relations. Customary Law – A customary law system is anchored in the wisdom of daily experience or, in more elegant terms, local spiritual legacies and philosophical traditions. Customary laws play important roles in many indigenous, local, and other traditional communities. These laws define the rights and responsibilities of community members in many matters. †¢ Mixed Legal System – A mixed legal system emerges when a nation uses two or more of the preceding legal systems (pgs. 109-111). Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan (2011). International Business 13e Environments Operations, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall The political risks for Wal-Mart in the international countries that it operates in are high. Many of the stores are operating in countries that do not have a strong middle class to support the â€Å"wholesale, buy in bulk† concept of the company. Therefore, the company had to make provisions to offer smaller packages. Also, the company had to offer in-store demonstrations and consumer education on many of their products and services. However, the political risks are the most important threat to Wal-Mart continuing operations in these countries. Although, ost of the countries practice democracy; there is a long-term risk of a socialist or military regime. Also, there are import tariffs being levied on all merchandise trade import that will drive the overhead costs up. Another risk is the current taxes are based on current administrations; if and when there is a change in power, the tax system will change. Lastly, corruption and bribery is extremely common in these countries; there is a high cost to operate in these countries due to the high premium that must be paid in order to conduct business. If I was a political consultant, I ould suggest legal jurisdiction; whereas countries stipulate laws that set the criteria for litigation when agents (pg. 119). The stakeholder Wal-Mart has to satisfy is the consumer. International Business 3 Wal-Mart’s Global Code of Conduct is based on three principles: Respect for individual, service to customer, and Striving for excellence. Wal-Mart believes that these three principles is globally acceptable and tries to govern all stores and employees by the same standard. However, the company recognizes that some local laws, practices, and customs are different from their global vision. Wal-Mart has stated that these laws must be followed first, but it is their responsibility to be aware and in compliance of these circumstances. Wal-Mart has organized a Global Social Responsibility Program in six categories: environmental protection, community involvement, community involvement, health and wellness, educational support, and disaster relief. For example, in Japan Wal-Mart was the leading contributor to the disaster relief effort after the tsunami. Some of the indicators the company might monitor to guide their investment and actions in the future are the political risks. The company must keep a close eye on the administration of the countries. Also, the environmental risks in countries where natural disaster in prevalent. Finally, concluding Wal-Mart has the leading retailer internationally, as their research has discovered what the consumer needs are and packaged this product to accommodate the retailers in various markets.