Linear Programming and Extensions †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Linear Programming and Extensions. Answer: Presentation: Here, the sound dynamic depends on the creation of decisions in the middle of the other options. Here, there are distinctive rationale, objectivity and the investigation that are define to detail the objectives with recognizing the standards to settle on the choices. The excused demonstrating depends on the presentation examination and settling on the choices that will help in dealing with the boost of the advantages and afterward limiting the costs identified with the economy hypothesis. The sets are assessed with the correlation of the expenses and how the goal can give the best award at the lower costs. (Dantzig, 2016). There is flawless data which should be estimated relying on the information gathered and investigated. There are issues identified with the linearity of the relations and how the programming should be dealt with the goal capacities. Here, in this, there are circumstances where the distinctive business and the modern issues are viewed as non-direct in nature. There are different detriments of the sureness which influences the estimations of the coefficient and how the choice variable can quantify the framework preparing. The uses of the straight programming can't be applied because of the various issues and the coefficients that are viewed as probabilistic. Here, the issues are identified with the reliable boundaries and the distinguishableness principles which need to chip away at the non-negative whole number and the partial qualities. The whole number worth incorporates the arrangements with the improved arrangements. The measures are set with the structures where there are tasks to characterize the particular targets. The arrangement of requirements are not expressible using the di rect imbalances. (Vanderbei, 2015). The straight writing computer programs depends on deciding the assets which depend on expanding the income. It is significant for the dynamic, where there is a chance of the work force the board to deal with the issue and identify with the enrollment and the determination in simple structure. The measures are set with the business issues that is utilized for the administration to choose the various confinements. The utilization of the staffing issues and for the count of the benefit arranging is likewise conceivable through the straight programming. It is additionally significant for taking a shot at the minimization of the expenses and boosting the benefits. Through this, one can without much of a stretch ascertain the deals and the unit value which can be significant for the organization development. The organization incorporates the expenses and the valuing which is significant for the dynamic advancement. Movement 3: Corporate culture To fabricate the manufacture the way of life, there is a need to concentrate on the commitment of the clients with the representatives. This will help in improving the capacity for simple correspondence and consumer loyalty. The organization like Zappos should concentrate on giving a superior arrangement and the support of its clients with the goal that they can legitimize the costs. The way of life and the qualities are significant for drawing in the clients with the vigorous workers, with the need to take part in correspondence and act towards the advancement forms. The way of life is significant for supporting the individuals conduct with the standard that speaks to the development, and the instruction with better remuneration. The guidelines are set to meet the characterized structures where there is a simple managing procedure and examination dependent on the related components a, regardless of whether it is identified with the Zappos working or some other network. The way of life additionally identifies with the particular convictions where there are ethics to shape the profitability and social network advancement. Action 4: Toyotas case The association culture chips away at the common discernments where the administration and the representatives can deal with the advancement plans where: The advancement forms and the various dangers takers are there to deal with the development procedure with the support that prompts the condescending of the item and the better procedure working. There is a definite spotlight on the workers who are likewise supported with giving the severe consideration to the subtleties and afterward keeping up the plans and executing the obligations. (Hoseus Liker, 2008). The outcome direction process with the best items doesn't prompt any falterings about the review of the item or from the market. The individuals are additionally situated where the workers are consistently a need for the organization.. The group working with appropriate administration prompts the supporter of the collaboration which comes because of the acknowledgment with the laborers at the various levels. The forceful idea of the organization is the point at which oneself conveying forces of the item are at its best. The strength is for choosing about the administration choices and afterward arranging about dealing with the distinctive million vehicles which prompts chip away at the wellspring of difficulties and how the capital speculations are in question. (Liker Hoseus, 2009). The organization Toyota is likewise chipping away at the vital choice procedures with the affirmation that it will prompt the adjustment in creators with the confirmation of the lost dependability that is reestablished. End The eLearning has had the option to concentrate on how Holacracy is there in association culture, which has likewise empowered the various perspectives for the nitty gritty depiction with the video that is considered for the e-learning purposes. The eLearning of Toyota depends on how it can underwrite the open doors which depend on bringing the improvement of the item structuring. References Why Zappos Pays New Employees to Quit- - And You Should Toohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQLTQAv5JQA Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh discusses building a culture-based organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdKZapHZL4c Dantzig, G., 2016.Linear programming and expansions. Princeton college press. Dim, D., Brown, S. what's more, Macanufo, J., 2010.Gamestorming: A playbook for trend-setters, rulebreakers, and changemakers. O'Reilly Media, Inc.. Hoseus, M. also, Liker, J.K., 2008. Toyota culture: the central core of the Toyota way.New York: Print Matters Inc. Liker, J.K. what's more, Hoseus, M., 2009. Human asset advancement in Toyota culture.International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management,10(1), pp.34-50. Michelli, J., 2011.The Zappos experience: 5 standards to rouse, connect with, and amazing. McGraw Hill Professional. MIT's Steven Spear Discusses Toyota's Corporate Culture (Interview on Bloomberg TV)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCaKFPjfG7s Vanderbei, R.J., 2015.Linear programming. Heidelberg: Springer.

Scholarship on Dickens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grant on Dickens - Essay Example Back then, London was portrayed as the bound city with unsanitary day to day environments and was an in abundance of ailments. â€Å"There were four plagues of cholera inside Dickens’s own lifetime and, alongside these human appearances, there were occasional and customary flare-ups of typhus, typhoid fever, scourge loose bowels, looseness of the bowels, smallpox and an assortment of infirmities which were ordered distinctly as â€Å"fevers†.2† To improve the wellbeing state of the individuals of London and different urban communities that were the principle rearing ground for all infections that would spread later to the country territories of England, Dickens realized that sterile states of the urban communities ought to improve. We see him going to numerous gatherings to chat for the benefit of sterile improvement. Enthusiastically contending the instance of sterile change in London on May tenth 1851, Charles Dickens stated: â€Å"I can genuinely proclaim tha t the utilization I have since that time made of my eyes and nose have just reinforced the conviction that specific clean changes must go before all other social cures, and that neither training nor religion can do anything valuable until the way has been cleared for their ministrations by tidiness and decency.3† Sanitary work in London and different urban communities began distinctly in his last life. He was a powerful social reformer of his time in numerous fields and being so very notable, his perspectives were regarded. His characters of creative mind gave him sufficient stage to contend the social changes that he longed for to find in the troublesome occasions of Victorian England. His magazines and talks on social treachery show him as one of the primary proselytizers of the time. He pushed the changes without being explicit about them. His craving was to perceive any sort of help to the victims. For instance; the Hard Times depended on a work debate in the weaving business which was alluded as â€Å"The Preston Lockout 1853-54†. As indicated by George Bernard Shaw, ‘he was a progressive without knowing it4’. In a

Read Harder 2018 Books Set In or About 1 of the 5 BRICS Countries

Read Harder 2018 Books Set In or About 1 of the 5 BRICS Countries This years Read Harder challenged is presented by Libby. Meet Libby. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. By downloading Libby to your smartphone, you can access thousands of eBooks and audiobooks from your library for free anytime and anywhere. You’ll find titles in all genres, ranging from bestsellers, classics, nonfiction, comics and much more. Libby works on Apple and Android devices and is compatible with Kindle. All you need is a library card but you can sample any book in the library collection without one. In select locations, Libby will even get your library card for you instantly. Learn more at https://meet.libbyapp.com/. Happy Reading. The unofficial political affiliation between the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) isnt widely discussed outside of professional marketing circles. Together, these countries account for two-fifths of the global population and about a quarter of the worlds land. They have been working together to grow as a global economic leader with vary levels of success in each country. I’ve never thought of books from these countries as a group until now, but the literature in this list reflects those same political imbalances. Thematic similarities (like ownership, immigration, and self-justification) pry out of each book. The stories here waver between being all about a BRICS country to using powerful symbolism of a BRICS country. This list is by no means comprehensive, but it gives a snapshot of books set in or about a BRICS country: Out by Natsua Kirino Out by Natsua Kirino is a Japanese novel about a group of women who work together at a factory. Outside of work, they cover up a murder together. The man who lands himself into a complicated relationship with the matriarchal figure, Masako, however, is half-Brazilian. His experience as a Japanese citizen who doesn’t look Japanese doesn’t excuse his bad behavior, but the way he forces himself into the story highlights his cultural battle to belong somewhere with someone. Trigger warning: rape and gore. The America Play and Other Works by Suzan-Lori Parks If you’re interested in a less conventional choice, in terms of genre and style, a great play to read is The America Play by Suzan-Lori Parks, which is published in her book The America Play and Other Works. The Foundling Father, a black gravedigger who looks like former President Lincoln, spends the whole first act contemplating  his place in America. His son Brazil inherits the role of  gravedigger thereafter. He mourns his father endlessly. The America Play is American, but this conflicted character directly symbolizes Brazil, the country which imported the highest number of enslaved people in the west and was the last country to abolish slavery. The play embodies colonized genealogy, while also confronting the role the U.S. plays in the black diaspora. A Woman is a Woman Until She is a Mother by Anna Prushinskaya Anna Prushinskaya’s essay collection A Woman is a Woman Until She is a Mother is indebted to her Russian background and family history. She muses about her grandmothers as mothers, the final months of her pregnancy, using apps during parenthood, and, ultimately, her life as an immigrant from Russia (who moved to the U.S. when she was a preteen). The book also brings in a number of other cultural references to motherhood, including ideas from Alice Walker and a documentary entitled Little Stones. One bonus for choosing this book: you can probably read it in a day. Pnin by Vladamir Nabokov If you’ve only read Vladamir Nabokov’s Lolita, Pnin is a good choice to get you back into his work. That’s what happened to me a few years ago after I read Zadie Smith say that it’s one of her favorite booksâ€"one that she teaches regularly. The namesake, Timofey Pavlivich Pnin, was born in Russia but is very conscious of his American citizenship. Hes also an assistant professor of classic Russian literature in the U.S. during the 1950s. The book is written in sometimes loopy digressions, which adds to the way the story satirizes higher education. Narcopolis by Jeet Thayil Narcopolis, written by Jeet Thayil, follows the trends of drugs, prostitution, and religion in India over the course of a few decades. An opium user narrates the story in long, poetic sentences (Thayil is also a poet). Dimple, a castrated prostitute, is the standout character, but a few other peoples lives are dug into during the novel as well. The city of Bombay (now Mumbai) is alive in this novel. Trigger warning: rape. Family Life by Akhil Sharma Akhil Sharma’s Family Life is a semi-autobiographical novel about Ajay, a boy who immigrated to America from India with his family. At the center of the story is his younger brother’s severe head injury. That accident ends up consuming each character. A couple of moments from this book that I still think about are the blue dress he imagines his future girlfriend will wear one day and the detergent soap running down the streets on laundry day. Little Fires Everywhere by Celeste Ng Little Fires Everywhere by Celeste Ng is not set in China, but one of the central conflicts in the story revolves around the adoption of a baby born to a Chinese immigrant in the U.S. A moral and legal dispute tears a town apart, much in the style of Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird. The main plot line follows the relationship between two families in a way that reminded me of Zadie Smith’s White Teeth. The quick pacing of the plot is also comparable to Out. Sour Heart by Jenny Zhang Jenny Zhang’s short story collection Sour Heart tells the experiences of various Chinese American immigrants. I know this (along with Little Fires Everywhere) is a popular book, but if you haven’t read it yet, this might be a good time to do it. The first story is my favorite one. All of the roaches and moving was so vividly done. I don’t think I’ll ever forget the image of the families sleeping in the same room together experiencing America. The Woman Next Door by Yewande Omotoso The Woman Next Door by Yewande Omotoso is set in South Africa and follows the property disputes between two neighbors. They are older, widowed characters, which is a refreshing change for a fictional story. The book opens with a town hallâ€"style meeting, which throws you right into a world of women with political power. Two women struggle together from there on with racial identity, friendship, and motherhood in the midst of an uncomfortable living situation. Subscribe to Events to receive news and announcements about sitewide events, including daylong and weeklong bookish celebrations, as well as announcements of our Best Of and Anticipated  books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Of Sociology - 830 Words

Suppose you’re going on a hot date. You have a couple of hours before your big evening I’m quite sure your preparing yourself or getting ready to I hope. I bet you decide on a particular outfit or maybe try on a few. You want to make a wonderful impression so you use your good fragrance. You rehearse some catchy lines that you think will make he/she laugh. These are all concepts that go along with the sociological approach called the symbolic interactionist perspective. This approach is used to describe how our society can be viewed and its variants applied to daily interactions. Sociologists use a variation of theoretical perceptions to make sense of the world. These perspectives or ideas provide a structure for understanding explanations on matters, we find odd. The approach we will focus on is the symbolic interactionist perspective of sociology which looks at society as a product of ordinary social interactions of an individual. Symbolic interactionists also study how people use symbols to form meanings. The fundamental principle of this theory, is that the meaning we stem from and attribute to the world we see around us is a social creation produced by everyday social communication. In other words this theory is focused on how we use and understand things as symbols to communicate with one another, how we as individuals create and maintain an identity that we present to the world and a sense of self inside us. Also how we create and maintain the reality that weShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Interactionist Perspective In Sociology1543 Words   |  7 Pagesdiff erent perspectives. Sociologists study everything from specific behaviors on the micro level to generalized, big pictures on the macro level. Each palpable explanation and theoretical generalization of society and social behavior that sociologists provide, contribute to the understanding of complex behaviors we demonstrate everyday. Pioneering sociologists introduced a broad conceptualization of the fundamentals of society. These views are now the basis of which today’s theoretical perspectives areRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives in Sociology are Functionalist Perspective, Conflict Perspective, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective585 Words   |  2 PagesThe three primary theoretical perspectives in sociology are Functionalist Perspective, Conflict Perspective, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective. Functionalist perspective was introduced around the 1940s, by three men: Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to their perspective, society has intertwined parts that work together to create social balance. In other words, sociologists focus on the connecting various parts of society and analyze how a group/personRead Moretheories of sociology1205 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: CLASSIC THEORIES OF SOCIOLOGY 1 CLASSIC THEORIES OF SOCIOLOGY Abstract The purpose of this essay is to discuss the three basic theories of sociology. The three basic theories of sociology are functional, conflict, and symbolic interactionism. These theories are studied on the micro or macro level. The micro level is the sum of interactions between people and groups. The micro level analysis is based on small groups and individuals versus the macro level which is viewedRead MoreSoc/100 - Applying Sociological Perspectives1063 Words   |  5 Pages Applying Sociological Perspectives Stephanie Ann Tombline SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Jennifer Hudgins Applying Sociological Perspectives Social networking sites - such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and, Pinterest, just to name a few - provide individuals with an online web of global networking that allows maintaining social ties with one another. Sociologists often ponder, How do these social websites impact society? Above all, this is the question that is the central focus shared byRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism1727 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolic interactionism, or interactionism for short, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology. This perspective has a long intellectual history, beginning with the German sociologist and economist, Max Weber and the American philosopher, George H. Mead, both of whom emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and pragmatism. Herbert Blumer, who studied with Mead at the University of Chicago, is responsible for coining the term, symbolic interactionismRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Life1581 Words   |  7 Pages In order to interpret social life we have utilized three primary theoretical perspectives. In this paper I will summarize all three primary perspectives by identifying the role, figures and key concepts related to each of these three theories. I will then identify which of these three theories I find most useful in studying sociology today and then I will explain the rationale behind my selection. Finally, I will provide my own argument to the debate as whether the purpose of social research shouldRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism, By George Herbert Mead And Charles Horton Cooley937 Words   |  4 Pages Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the sociological discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. Symbolic interactionism is derived from American pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead. Herbert Blumer, a student and interpreter of Mead, coined the term symbolic interactionism and put forward an influential summary of the perspective: people act toward things based on the meaningRead MoreThe Core Concepts Of Sociology1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe core concepts of sociology are a combination of original theories with improved sociological approaches that build upon them over time. Sociology utilizes three main theories to approach the study of society with different focus points that result in different outcomes. Furthermore, as stated by Robert Faris and William Form from britannica â€Å"The early schools of thought each presented a systematic formulation of sociology that implied possession of exclusive truth and that involved a convictionRead MoreScociological1136 Words   |  5 PagesSociological Paradigms There are three sociological perspectives that shape the structure of society as a whole. Functionalist perspective, symbolic interactionism and conflict theory. Sociologists develop these theories to explain social phenomena. In this essay I will explain the origins and evolution of the three main sociological perspectives and listing the sociologists that made major contributions to these disciplines. â€Å"The functionalist perspective is a sociological approach which emphasizesRead More Social Phenomena Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pages(Kendall, 23). The three classic theories of sociology include the functionalist perspective, conflict perspective, and symbolic interactionist perspective. The functionalist perspective aims to explain sociological phenomena based on the belief that our society is a balanced system that depends on each part of the group to work together in order to survive. Most people in the group share that same morals and ethics. This varies greatly from the perspective of conflict theorists, who believe that each

The Hidden Truth About Is There a Cause Truly worth Fighting for Persuasive Essay Topics

The Hidden Truth About Is There a Cause Truly worth Fighting for Persuasive Essay Topics The Lost Secret of Is There a Cause Truly worth Fighting for Persuasive Essay Topics Likewise, it would be expected that somebody with a tall degree would be provided a greater volume of revenue. It's definitely hard to deal with a scenario when you're charged by means of a teacher for plagiarism and eliminate respect in her or his eyes, apart from unexplainably lower grades. A college education isn't the correct choice for everybody, as many students graduate with a massive quantity of student debt and limited job opportunities. Students want to speak to customer services specialists about the components that they have to turn in to get the very best grade. Being enlisted when you have a look at the catalog is the possibility for them to find the ideal men. Understand that you can be receiving together with ladies who could have a numerous view on dating. If you would like to be among the few individuals in life who actually enjoys going to work each and every day, you have to fight for that job. You should try mail order bride if you are bored of hunting for a woman. A product you've got to know is that excursion into strengthen crafting is a normal plan of action. Samurai films on television are also rather popular and in Japanese they are called Jidaigeiki. Continue reading this report and learn to choose interesting persuasive speech topics and the way the art of persuasion can be utilized to actually make your audience agree with your viewpoint. Persuasive writing is just one of the most frequently used writing types on the planet. Interesting persuasive speech ideas aren't the only things we can offer you with. If you've got your topic decided then it's always wisest to earn a list of the advantages and disadvantages of your topic. Most persuasive writing techniques utilize a productive mixture of all 3 appeals. The greater part of these topics are extremely common in conversations, thus a student may consider one of them to be a fantastic alternative. In order to generate the best of your presentation, learn why other men and women hold a different viewpoint. At times, it's indispensable to supply some quotes from dependable and dependable experts. It has changed into an issue for students to finish their required works, keeping in view the busy schedule that may lead to trouble for students working along with study. The Basic Facts of Is There a Cause Truly worth Fighting for Persuasive Essay Topics There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Our experts know just how to compose a persuasive essay correctly with lots of unique persuasive essay thoughts and interesting persuasive topics. For you in the event that you recieve a great hold of a person's writing articles expertise you may expect to attain you could continue to re lish publishing essays. In the sphere of online essays, you truly do get what you pay for and the completely free essays aren't worth the hassle. Persuasive essays aren't found even on the world wide web. These tips for writing persuasion essays are among such guides. In such situations, finding persuasive essays is truly tricky. In the event the topic isn't interesting you're unlikely to compose an excellent persuasive essay since there'll be nothing it is possible to persuade readers of. Since you may see, there may be lots of persuasive essay topics so you only need to select the best ones you may find. Generally, such essay topics are rare to find, and that you ought to take additional care when you have them! Taking into account that lots of persuasive essays concern controversial topics, before writing, you might want to sit down and think of what your opinion on the topic actually is. While usually essays aren't that, fun, sometimes you are able to step from the boundaries and create a few really unique, beautiful pieces. The topic should be fully developed otherwise it is going to be a failed persuasive essay. First of all, you will need to choose the essay topic. It's really difficult to locate a topic for a persuasive essay which has not been covered by somebody before. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Is There a Cause Truly worth Fighting for Persuasive Essay Topics More similarity is viewed when it has to do with skin color along with physical look. Possessing competent to pace the temperament in your group is truly so essential. Latin alphabets also have been introduced in the area in putting down characters together with the Japanese style of Kana. Emphasize it has a negative influence.

Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success Free Essays

Abstract Tony Blair’s foreign policy can be divided into two phases, the first broadly successful and the second a failure. The Labour government’sNorthern Irelandpeace settlement and the formation of Blair’s ‘humanitarian interventionist’ doctrine in Kosovo andSierra Leone, can be regarded as successful. A far less successful five years followed from 2002 as a result of the support provided for George Bush’s invasion ofIraqand for the whole ‘war on terror’ agenda. We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The early successes were overshadowed by the political costs associated with an unpopular war. Introduction The Labour Party’s foreign policy during the years of the Blair governments can be judged in a variety of ways, including the verdict of the media and the response of voters. Rather than seek an objective test, this essay will follow the line of Buller (2008) that political success is defined as the achievement of one’s own goals through politics. Labour trumpeted an ethical foreign policy in its early years, as elucidated by Foreign Secretary Robin Cook (1997). Security, promotion of trade and protection of the environment were the other three principles of the policy. I will show how this early vision, although difficult to fulfil within the constraints imposed by international power politics and economic self-interest, did achieve some successes. It will then show how this framework evolved into Tony Blair’s doctrine of ‘intervention’ as defined by Blair at the Chicago Economic Club (Blair, 1999). Body The ethical foreign policy was an attempt to bring New Labour’sThird Waydoctrine, evolved primarily for domestic policy, to the international arena (Wheeler and Dunne, 1998). A ‘Third Way’ foreign policy would break with both traditional realism and its opposite doctrine, idealism, by promoting human rights while at the same time recognizing that ‘terrible moral choices have sometimes to be made’ in international affairs (Hedley Ball 1983). Wheeler and Dunne (1998) raised the possibility that the pursuit of human rights could lead to action outside the accepted channels of deploying military force only with sanction of the UN security council. This issue would become paramount in the run-up to the war withIraqand lead to Cook’s resignation from the government. Early successes of this doctrine had the effect of reinforcing Blair’s conviction that he, rather than Foreign Office advisors or other members of the government, knew the right course (Daddow, 2009). Blair led the charge of NATO to take military action againstYugoslaviato prevent a humanitarian catastrophe in Kosovo. The success of this policy can be judged by the relative peace and security now seen in Kosovo and the Balkans. Blair later explained how he saw modern wars as being fought on television as much as on the ground (PBS, 2000). Blair was a successful propagandist and, as seen later in the run-up to theIraqwar, he became the public face of the new wars of intervention. In Blair’s first term, the government could justifiably claim a historic success in theNorthern Irelandpeace process, which was concluded with the Good Friday agreement of 1998. The peace deal was achieved with the support ofDublinandWashington, as well as the republican and loyalist parties to the conflict in Northern Ireland (BBC). In Europe, Labour broke with Conservative Euro-scepticism and sought greater influence forBritainwithin the EU. Bulmer (2008) describes the schizophrenia of what he calls Labour’s utilitarian supranationalism which was exposed in the two manifesto pledges on European policy: to hold a referendum on participation in the single currency; and to lead reform in the EU (Labour Party, 1997). At the Lisbon Summit in 2000 theUKhad considerable influence on the treaty document which set out to transformEuropeinto ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010’ (European Council, 2000). TheUK’s voting weight in the Council of Europe was also increased to 29. Chancellor Gordon Brown’s five economic tests forBritain’s participation in the single currency dominated Labour’s relations withEuropeduring the second Blair government (2001–5). However, theIraqwar caused a split betweenBritainand its key European all ies, France andGermany, and made it much more difficult forBritainto maintain constructive relations with EU partners. Brown’s grip on the euro policy also pushed Blair further toward interventionist policies overseas where he had full control over policy. Rasmussen (2003) describes Blair using a hegemonic western metanarrative about security and peace-building and warning against letting dictators go unchallenged. While it can be argued that this idea worked successfully in the Kosovo intervention and when Blair sent British forces to fight rebels inSierra Leone, it was less successful inAfghanistan, and disastrous inIraq. InAfghanistanthere was broad international support for the war against the Taliban and Al Qaeda in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. Such a consensus was absent for the invasion ofIraq. The war aim was the removal of Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction. When the invading forces failed to find these, the occupation’s raison d’etre was changed to one of lifting the tyranny of the regime and bringing democracy toIraq. Plant (2008) argues that Blair misjudged the motivations of hisUScounterpart, seeing a liberal ally where there was really an economic realist concerned with national interest. Blair set out five tests of intervention in his Chicago speech (1999): are we sure of our case, has diplomacy been exhausted, are we in for the long term, are national interests involved, can military operations be sensibly and prudently undertaken. One can argue that these tests were not met inIraq. Blair not only faced mass public opposition to the war, he also began to lose support within his own party. This culminated in a revolt over the government’s support forIsrael’sLebanoninvasion of 2006. It was following this crisis that Blair was compelled to commit to stand down as Prime Minister, making way for Gordon Brown. Conclusion After 9/11, Blair’s confidence in his own Biblical vision of intervention of good against evil (Seldon, 2005) led to an unshakeable alliance with George W Bush. This would tie the Labour government into support for a divisive and increasingly unpopular foreign policy. By associating so closely with aUSPresident widely seen as pursuing narrow party and economic interests against world public opinion, Blair’s foreign policy became a poison chalice for the Labour government that ultimately sealed his own fate as Prime Minister and overshadowed earlier foreign policy successes. REFERENCES BBC News (1998) On This Day, 10/04/98 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/10/newsid_2450000/2450823.stm Blair, A. (1999) ‘Doctrine of The International Community’, Speech to theChicago Economic Club, Chicago. Tony Blair (2000) War in Europe, Frontline Interviews, PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo/interviews/blair.html Bull, H. (1983) ‘Justice in International Relations’, Hagey Lectures,University of Waterloo,Ontario. Buller, J. (2008) ‘New Labour and the European Union’ in Beech, M. And Lee, S. Ten Years of New Labour. (Palgrave Macmillan,UK) Bulmer, S. (2008) ‘New Labour, New European PolicyBlair, Brown and Utilitarian Supranationalism’ Oxford Journals, Parliamentary Affairs. Robin Cook Speech on Ethical Foreign Policy, The Guardian, 12/05/97 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1997/may/12/indonesia.ethicalforeignpolicy Daddow, O. (2009) ‘Tony’s war’Blair, Kosovo and the interventionist impulse in British foreign policy’, International Affairs. European Parliament (2000) ‘LisbonEuropean Council Presidency Conclusions’, 23-24 March 2000 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm Labour Party (1997) ‘New Labour: Because Britain Deserves Better’ (Labour Party,London) Malmvig, H. (2006) State Sovereignty and Intervention: A Discourse Analysis of Interventionary and Non-Interventionary Practices in Kosovo andAlgeria. (Routledge,UK) Rasmussen, M. V. (2003) ‘The history of a lesson: Versailles, Munichand the social construction of the past’, Review of International Studies. Seldon. A. (2005) ‘Blair’ (Free Press, NY) Walmer, N. and Dunne, T. (1998) ‘Good International Citizenship: A Third Wayfor British Foreign Policy’, International Affairs How to cite Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success?, Essay examples Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success Free Essays The years of Labour Party rule under Tony Blair were characterised by an interventionist foreign policy which saw troops being deployed toKosovo,Sierra Leone,AfghanistanandIraq. An analysis of the stated aims of these interventions as well as the outcomes of them, on balance, leads one to conclude that they fail to meet a minimum standard required to be deemed successful. This essay will outline in more detail those aims and outcomes which lead the author to such a conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Essay In order to adequately answer the above question there are a number of points which must first be addressed; firstly, what were the characteristics of Labour Party foreign policy under BlairSecondly, what were the aims of this foreign policyAnd finally, how does one define successMr Blair will have one definition, the media will have another and the citizens of the countries into which British troops have been sent will have another still. Such ambiguities are likely to lead to difficulties in carrying out an objective analysis. We will begin by identifying the foreign policy ideology of the Labour Party during the Blair years. Prior to becoming Prime Minister, Tony Blair was noted for his concentration on domestic affairs and was largely viewed as lacking in Foreign Policy clout (Dyson, 2009: 2-3). Upon entering office however this soon changed. Blair took the leadership role in his relationship with U.S President Clinton and demonstrated, in Kosovo andSierra Leone, the interventionist ideology which was to be the corner stone of labour Party foreign policy for the next ten years. â€Å"Those that can act, must† he argued at the Labour Party conference of 2001 (Dyson, 2009: 35). The arrival in 2000 of President Bush to the White House and particularly the attacks of September 11 2001 emboldened Blair in his interventionist ideals. So what were the aims of the various interventions? Blair’s willingness to talk in almost biblical terms has been expressly noted by many commentators; â€Å"He conceptualises the world as a struggle between good and evil in which his particular vocation is to advance the former.† (Seldon, 2005: 700). Taken at face value this was the aim of Labour Party foreign policy. In Kosovo the ethnic cleansing being carried out by Milosevic had to be stopped; in Sierra Leone civil war was tearing apart the country (Dorman, 2009): in Afghanistan the Taliban had to be removed (first for harbouring Al Qaeda and later more generally for their human rights record) and finally, in Iraq, Saddam was oppressing his people and was also a potential threat to world peace (Omaar, 2004). How successful were these interventions? The relative peace to be found in Kosovo and inSierra Leonetoday would seem to suggest that those particular forays were indeed successful. Stable governments are now in place and the widespread violence that was typical pre-intervention has come to an end (Dorman, 2009). In these instances the Labour Party and Tony Blair are seen to have acted successfully and in a manner consistent with their ideals. AfghanistanandIraqare however, not nearly so clear cut. While initially enjoying widespread support for the invasion ofAfghanistanand the hut for Osama Bin Laden, Blair soon found his troops bogged down in an insurgency against formidable opponents, while the purpose of the expedition became more obscure and any measure of success more elusive. As reported by the Guardian, the Taliban were not gotten rid of and remain to this day the dominant opposition to a democratic state (â€Å"Top Commander†, 2011); nor was Osama Bin Laden found there, it has it fact become a breathing ground for young jihadists. The huge civilian casualties are the overriding images of that war (UNAMA, 2011). For these reasons the Labour Party’s foreign policy in relation toAfghanistan, their attempt to bring peace and democracy as well to win a major battle in the â€Å"war on terror†, can only be judged a failure. ConsideringIraqand the purported aims of that invasion, i.e. removing a brutal dictator, ending the threat posed by WMDs and bringing democracy to the country, we could say that leadership of the Labour Party succeeded in the first, in the second by default and failed entirely in the last. The civilian death toll inIraq, as impossible as it is to get an exact figure, has certainly been even higher than inAfghanistan(Fischer, 2008). The failure of both the Labour Party inLondonand the Republican Party inWashingtonto advance any real post war strategy has been the fatal flaw in the Iraqi endeavour. The destruction of the infrastructure of democracy that took place during the looting and burning of government buildings inBagdad, whilst American troops looked on, is viewed by many as the most important factor which prevented a successful transition (Omaar, 2004). Therefore, the foreign policy of the Labour party under Blair must here also be judged as being unsuccessful. It would be irresponsible not to mention another point here. What if the real aims of Labour Party’s foreign policy were not quite so altruistic and not quite so obviousWhen a million people took to the streets of London in 2003 to oppose the war in Iraq (as well as the more veiled disquiet among members of his own party such as Robin Cook and Clare Short (Casey, 2009: 242)) they contended that Tony Blair was merely doing the bidding of, firstly, the oil companies who desired access to Iraq’s rich oil reserves (Wearden, 2011) and secondly the construction companies who would rebuild the country. Whether this is true or not, it is only in these terms that the Labour Party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair could be judged an unequivocal success. In conclusion, I do not believe on the whole that the foreign policy of the Labour Party under Tony Blair was successful. A careful apolitical analysis of the stated aims and achievements of their policies is enough demonstrate this. It is not clear cut however. There have been occasions such as in Kosovo andSierra Leone where the stated aims of intervention have been achieved and for which the Labour Party, Tony Blair and their collective foreign policy deserve some recognition; not enough to tip the balance however. Bibliography: Casey. T, 2009, â€Å"The Blair legacy† (Palgrave Macmillan,UK) Dorman. A, 2009, â€Å"Blair’s successful war: British Military intervention in Sierra Leone† (Ashgate Publishing,UK) Dyson.S, 2009, â€Å"The Blair Identity: Leadership and Foreign Policy†, (ManchesterUniversityPress,UK) Fischer. H, 2008, â€Å"CRS report for Congress: Iraqi Civilian Deaths Estimates†, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS22537.pdf (viewed 10am 9/09/11) Omaar. R, 2004, â€Å"Revolution Day: The real story of the battle for Iraq† (Penguin,UK) Seldon. A, 2005, â€Å"Blair† (Free Press, NY) â€Å"Top commander looks ahead to talks with the Taliban†, The Guardian, 25/03/2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/defence-and-security-blog/2011/mar/25/petraeus-taliban?INTCMP=SRCH. (viewed 9.30am 09/09/11) Wearden. G, â€Å"Tony Hayward in line for multimillion windfall after Iraq oil deal†, The Guardian, (7/09/11) http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/sep/07/tony-hayward-windfall-kurdistan (viewed at 12am 9/09/11) United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) 2011, â€Å"Annual Report 2010 Protection of civilians in armed conflict†, http://unama.unmissions.org/Portals/UNAMA/human%20rights/March%20PoC%20Annual%20Report%20Final.pdf (viewed at 9.00am 09/09/11) How to cite Was the Labour party’s foreign policy under Tony Blair a success?, Essay examples

Killer Whales Gentle Giants, Or Viscous Killers Essays

"Killer Whales: Gentle Giants, or Viscous Killers?" Killer whales are an important subject of mythology for many indigenous peoples, especially the Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest. The whales have not been hunted extensively by humans, although they have been hunted by some shore whaling operations, and some individuals have been taken as aquarium show animals from the waters around the Pacific Northwest and Iceland. Killer whales are perceived by many near-shore fishermen to be in competition with human fishing activity (Anheiser Busch 1). The killer whale, or Orcinus orca can be found worldwide in all seas from both tropics to Arctic and Antarctic oceans. They are one of the most well known whales because of the captivity of Shamu at Sea World and the other studies that are widely publicized (2). The male killer whale has an average length of 6.7 to 7.0 meters and can weigh between 4,000 to 5,000 kilograms (Knight 5). The female killer whales are smaller having a length of 5.5 to 6.5 meters and weighing 2,500 to 3,000 kilograms. They have 10 to 12 pairs of large conical teeth in each jaw (Evans 12). Their coloration is very striking. They have black on the back and sides and a white belly that extends as a rear-pointing lobe up the flukes and less markedly near the head, and around the throat (15). They are also white on the chin and underside of their flippers with a distinctive, conspicuous white oval patch above and behind each eye. This coloration varies depending on regional variations. Killer whales can have indistinct gray saddles over their backs just behind their dorsal fin (Evans 16). This is called countershading. Countershading enables the whales to be camouflaged from their prey (Wolfe lecture). They have a stout torpedo-shaped body with a conical-shaped head. Their flippers are large rounded and paddle-shaped with a centrally-placed dorsal fin. The dorsal fin is sickle-shaped in adult females, but very tall and erect in adult males. There are some variations in morphology between regional populations but vocal dialects vary more between pods than geographically. There is no exact known population size. But the largest numbers are in the Antarctic where the population is estimated at more than 160,000 (Wheelock Colege 1). Killer whales may be solitary or live in groups of 2 to more than 50 animals. Food items include squid, fish, skates, rays, sharks, sea turtles, sea birds, seals, sea lions, walrus, dolphins, porpoises, and large whales such as fin whales, humpback whales, right whales, minke whales, and gray whales. They are even known to attack the sperm whale and blue whale. On the Atlantic coast of South America, as well as on islands of the Indian Ocean, killer whales have been observed lunging through the surf and coming right onto the beach in pursuit of elephant seals and sea lions (Holt 17). After such an attack the whales have to wriggle and slide back into depths adequate for swimming. In captivity, killer whales eat about 45 kg of food per day but free ranging animals probably require much more. Although these are obviously proficient and voracious hunters, killer whales are not known to have ever attacked a human (Evans 123). At sea they are usually seen in pods of 5-20, although up to 150 have been seen together at one time. Large groups probably consist of several pods which have temporarily aggregated. Pods themselves appear very stable for many years, with little emigration or immigration (124). They are highly cooperative and the group functions as a unit when hunting, making these delphinids extremely efficient predators. Groups usually contain adults of both sexes but sometimes females with young will form their own groups (125). Although much research has focused on killer whale pods around Vancouver Island and on the mainland coast, very little is known about the whales often found in the Queen Charlotte Islands, known as offshore killer whales. This separate population of killer whales appears to share similar behaviors and the fish-eating lifestyle particular to resident whales but appear to maintain an offshore distribution and are unique in their vocal dialects ? indicating they're unrelated to any transient or resident pod. Offshore whales tend to be seen in large groups of 30 to 60, and are seldom seen in protected coastal waters. At present, there are limited details concerning the offshore population's range, social organization or life history. However, we hope that it will be possible to fill in many of these gaps in the future, and to determine if and how these offshore whales might be related to the well-known inshore

Periodic Table Definition in Chemistry

Periodic Table Definition in Chemistry The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements by increasing atomic number which displays the elements so that one may see trends in their properties. The Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev is most often credited with inventing the periodic table (1869) from which the modern table is derived. Although Mendeleevs table ordered the elements according to increasing atomic weight rather than atomic number, his table illustrated recurring trends or periodicity in the element properties. Also Known As: Periodic Chart, Periodic Table of the Elements, Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements Key Takeaways: Periodic Table Definition The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of chemical elements that is arranged by increasing atomic number and groups elements according to recurring properties.The seven rows of the periodic table are called periods. The rows are arranged so that metals are on the left side of the table and nonmetals are on the right side.The columns are called groups. Group contain elements with similar properties. Organization The structure of the periodic table makes it possible to see relationships between elements at a a glance and predict properties of unfamiliar, newly discovered, or undiscovered elements. Periods There are seven rows of the periodic table, which are called periods. Element atomic number increases moving from left to right across a period. Elements toward the left side of a period are metals, while those on the right side are nonmetals. Groups The columns of elements are called groups or families. Groups are numbered from 1 (the alkali metals) to 18 (the noble gases). Elements within a group display a pattern with respect atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy. Atomic radius increases moving down a group, as successive elements gain an electron energy level. Electronegativity decreases moving down a group because adding an electron shell pushes the valence electrons further from the nucleus. Moving down a group, elements have successively lower ionization energies because it becomes easier to remove an electron from the outermost shell. Blocks Blocks are sections of the periodic table that indicate the outer electron subshell of the atom. The s-block includes the first two groups (the alkali metals and the alkaline earths), hydrogen, and helium. The p-block includes groups 13 to 18. The d-block includes groups 3 to 12, which are transition metals. The f-block consists of the two periods below the main body of the periodic table (the lanthanides and actinides). Metals, Metalloids, Nonmetals The three broad categories of elements are metals, metalloids or semimetals, and nonmetals. Metallic character is highest at the bottom lefthand corner of the periodic table, while the most nonmetallic elements are in the upper righthand corner. The majority of chemical elements are metals. Metals tend to be shiny (metallic luster), hard, conductive, and capable of forming alloys. Nonmetals tend to be soft, colored, insulators, and capable of forming compounds with metals. Metalloids display properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Toward the right side of the periodic table, the metals transition into nonmetals. There is a rough staircase pattern- starting at boron and going through silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium- that identified the metalloids. However, chemists increasingly categorize other elements as metalloids, including carbon, phosphorus, gallium, and others. History Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer independently published periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively. However, Meyer had already published an earlier version in 1864. Both Mendeleev and Meyer organized elements by increasing atomic weight and organized elements according to repeating characteristics. Several other earlier tables were produced. Antoine Lavoisier organized elements into metals, nonmetals, and gases in 1789. In 1862, Alexandre-Emile BÃ ©guyer de Chancourtois published a periodic table called the telluric helix or screw. This table was probably the first to organize elements by periodic properties. Sources Chang, R. (2002). Chemistry (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-19-284100-1.Emsley, J. (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Gray, T. (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305

10 Tips Every Freshman needs to Know for Back to School Season by EssaySupply.com

10 Tips Every Freshman needs to Know for Back to School Season 10 Tips To Know Before School Season As you get ready to begin your first year of college, there are probably dozens of things you have done to prepare yourself. You’ve most likely shopped for dorm room furnishings, purchased a new laptop for studying and entertainment, taken a tour of the classroom, introduced yourself to your new dorm mate, and more. Hopefully, you are as prepared as you can be. However, if you aren’t feeling as confident about the start of the school year as you should be, don’t worry. We have compiled a list of ten tips for new college freshmen that you won’t hear in any orientation. 1. Create an Open and Honest Relationship with Your Roommate Here is the deal. Unless something extreme happens, you and your roommate will be together for one semester at a minimum before your RA will even entertain the thought of making a move. Try getting together and setting up a few ground rules around issues such as visitors, cleaning, and food. Then, agree to approach each other honestly when there are issues and avoid being passive aggressive. 2. Grades Aren’t Everything Here’s a shocking revelation. Many of your future employers will care less about your GPA. They’ll care that you graduated. They’ll care about research projects, whether or not you’ve been published, internships, work experience, and relevant activities. So, study hard, but take the time to be a well-rounded student. 3. Party Wisely Let’s be realistic. You will go to parties. Just be safe and use some common sense. Go to parties with friends and leave with friends. Make sure there is one person in the group that will not be drinking. Don’t binge drink or accept drinks from anybody you do not trust explicitly. Leave enough time in your schedule for sleep and studying. 4. Scope out Places Near Campus that Serve food all Night Every college student needs a go-to diner, cafà ©, or greasy spoon to hit late at night when they have the munchies. These are great places to go for a burger, a cup of coffee, or just a quiet late night study spot. 5. Say Hi to Your Professors If you have questions, a comment on a lecture, or a concern about an upcoming assignment stop by your instructor’s office. They will be more than happy to hear from you. If you have nothing to say, just pop your head in the door to say hello. 6. It’s okay to Befriend Upper Classmen This isn’t high school where upper classmen would never lower themselves to hang with a ‘frosh’. Friendships in college tend to be founded around common interests, not grade level or age. 7. There are more ways to get Help than you are told You have many options for getting help with school work on campus. This is great, but sometimes that help isn’t what you need. If you need real help with writing assignments, look into a service like where you can buy essay online that are custom written and quality-guaranteed. 8. Print Everything the Night Before The biggest mistake you can make is to finish your homework and then plan to print it out before class. It is almost guaranteed that you will run into problems. Leave yourself plenty of time to get things printed out. Also, don’t forget to upload your writing assignments to turnitin.com or your instructor’s web portal. 9. Find a Place to Study Outside of your Room Your dorm room has your roommate, visitors, and a ton of electronics. Then, there’s also the temptation to sleep or clean. Find a nice quite spot on or off campus to do your studying. 10. Keep Healthy Snacks on Hand You won’t always have time to get a proper meal. Carry healthy snacks to munch on during the day, and you won’t be tempted to pig out at night.

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Therefore, the id drives the individual towards making decision that will satisfy their need. For instance when one feels that they need drugs but they have to undertake a certain duty, then drugs will come first. However if the individual does not take the drugs the feeling will still remain there until they take the drug. The ego is the executive of personality as it mediates between the urgent urges of the id and the demands from the superego as stated by Rasmussen (32). For instance when one desires to use drugs the ego will intervene to make the individual know whether it is the right time to take the drugs. Therefore, the ego functions according to the reality principle hence it delays the immediate satisfaction until the appropriate time. Therefore, in the event of the urge to take drugs the ego will suppress that feeling until the right time. The superego embodies the ideals and principles of society as they are conveyed by what parents do and say. Within the superego, the conscience arises hence its role is to block the unacceptable urges by the society as stated by Sullivan (24). For instance when one feels like abusing drugs, the superego reminds the individual that the habit is not allowed and thus suppresses the feeling. This model aims at imparting information about drugs taking the assumption that children and adolescent will keep away from drugs after understanding their prospective risks. It also makes the assumption that the information will lead to students to developing negative attitude that will prevent them from abusing drugs. In brief the model speculates a casual series leading from knowledge (n drugs) to attitude change (negative) then to behavior change (non use) according to Abadinsky (226). The model seeks to shape personality. It centers on the person rather than the drugs and it assumes that young people with high self esteem can not abuse drugs. It also

Losing Power of Successful Economic Justice Models Essay - 1

Losing Power of Successful Economic Justice Models - Essay Example The barriers to the effective implementation of the fair trade movements all the time act as the reason for the power loss of the entire system. Considering. The consequence of the situation is that the co-operatives ultimately have to buy coffee at higher prices from the farmers and they are bound to sell the same coffee at lower prices to the importers of the foreign countries (Jeff, 2011). Â  Another major challenge of the fair trade movement as identified from the Fair Trade coffee case is that of the lack of knowledge being preserved by the producers of coffee. The reason of the lesser known among producers is primarily the co-operatives’ organization and processes. The producers possess almost zero or minimal knowledge about the fair trade movements because they seldom receive any training from the representatives of the Fair Trade. In certain cases, the producers themselves are the catalysts who worsen the situation of lesser information. This happens through their reluctance towards attending assemblies of the co-operatives and other similar events. Â  As the market for coffee is cyclical, the prices of this commodity fluctuate greatly. With the growth in the rates of conventional coffee, the obligations towards the channels of Fair Trade deteriorate. The Fair Trade Coffee depicts that with this scenario in concern, the producers fail to operate effectively because of the difference between the prices cited by the co-operatives and that prevailing in the market decreases (Murray, Raynolds, & Taylor, 2003). Â  

Partner Selection for International Joint Ventures (IJV)

Partner Selection for International Joint Ventures (IJV) INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES Partner selection is recognized as being very important to the success of any collaboration. Taking into consideration the lessons from the Collaboration Exercise, the course material and any publicly available information available to you, critically discuss the relevant issues concerned with partner selection for collaboration, specifically in the context of an International Joint Venture company. The questions provided below provide some guidance on the issues you could cover: What are the main characteristics to look for in a good collaborative partner? What would your selection criteria include? Consider also the strategic, political and tactical implications of your choice (30%) What factors are important in determining whether or not you and your partner are a good match, i.e., compatibility of culture? Again, what would your selection criteria include? (30%) What could you and your partner do to create good conditions for a partnership? (40%) Length: All scripts are subject to a maximum word count of 4000 +/- 10%, excluding references, tables of contents and appendices. The final word count should be included at the end of the script. COMPLETION DATE: To be submitted electronically using the appropriate web-form available from http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/ftmsc/postmodulework/submissions/ and following the guidelines provided in your handbook BEFORE 09:00 on 17/01/11 PLEASE NOTE PMW received after 09:00 will be stamped as having arrived on the next working day. Post Module Work which does not reach WMG by the due date will be considered to be late. Penalties for lateness may be applied at the rate of 3 percentage points per University working day after the due date, up to a maximum of 14 days late. After this period the work may be counted as a non-submission. Complete your assignment from here (heading styles have been set up to assist you in this work) (Delete the instructions in this font before you save and submit your work): MODULE TITLE Table of Contents International Join Venture 2 Environmental characteristics 3 Partner Compatibility Evaluation 5 Creating good condition for partnership 13 Conclusion 16 References 17 Enter a page break here and between each question Partner selection is recognized as being very important to the success of any collaboration. Taking into consideration the lessons from the Collaboration Exercise, the course material and any publicly available information available to you, critically discuss the relevant issues concerned with partner selection for collaboration, specifically in the context of an International Joint Venture company. The questions provided below provide some guidance on the issues you could cover: What are the main characteristics to look for in a good collaborative partner? What would your selection criteria include? Consider also the strategic, political and tactical implications of your choice (30%) What factors are important in determining whether or not you and your partner are a good match, i.e., compatibility of culture? Again, what would your selection criteria include? (30%) What could you and your partner do to create good conditions for a partnership? (40%) International Join Venture International joint venture between two or more companies has benefits of more resources and knowledge share as well as reward and risk share. Reasons that companies create joint venture could be initiated by new product development, opportunity to access wider marketing or expanding the company with at least one company headquartered outside country of operation (host country). The immediate benefits of joint ventures partnerships are access to a wider range of resources with complimentary set of skillsets and expertise, access to extensive market domain and ability to utilise a broader range of technologies. International joint venture partnership is one of the integral factors to grow and develop economics and the most beneficial approach is by engaging with and utilising local business with strong market connections and existing established business networks. Environmental characteristics Government and Politics One of the most important criteria in choosing an international joint venture partner is the environment where joint venture will operate in, as this can have direct effect on the performance of both parties. Host countrys political atmosphere and government policies are key factors to consider when verifying the suitability of the environment; any pressure could directly or indirectly restrict the foreign partners involvement and activities (Blodgett, 1991). According to Ozorhon et al. (2007) host governments unstable policies and regulations, regular changes in laws and restrictions on repatriations and imports, jeopardise the effectiveness of joint venture partnership. In authors opinion host countrys political procedures that disable effective IJV partnership needs to be identified prior to any attempt to start a joint venture. An example of a political issue effecting IJV is political mismatch and disagreements between foreign partners government and the host partners government. This will hugely impact business agreements from taking place even if partners skillsets, organizational policies and objectives match and work very well together. Stable economic situation, government policies and political relationships are crucial to a successful business partnership; the foreign partner needs to find an adequate environment before deciding on finding a matching partner, evaluating economic, political and financial aspects of the environment. Case study This case study will look at current situation of Irans International joint ventures and influence of Western countries political relationship with Iran on business partnership with other countries. The Current UN and European sanctions on Iran over claims that Iran is building nuclear weapons have affected new joint ventures as well as the ones that have been in place for many years. One example is Rhum North sea gas field in Scotland owned by BP (50%) and the Iranian Oil Company (50%), the joint venture started since 1970s. New European sanctions have forced BP to suspend this engagement and stop production in Rhum North Sea (BP, 2010). This demonstrates politics contention between countries, affecting joint ventures and ending related agreements with immediate effect, causing financial loss for both partners. Other countries that are in agreement with the United Nations regulations and countries with good political and economic relation and dependencies with the USA and the West could also consider limiting and ending their joint ventures with Iranian companies. This is to avoid any breaking the United Nation regulation as well as avoidance to jeopardising their relationship and dependency to western countries. A stable host government creates a suitable environment for IJV partners; this has long term positive impact on the courtiers economic and immediate positive effect on the partner companies, allowing the parties to concentrate on the inside organisational progress and improvements. Economic Environment A partners country economic situation can affect the business environment and performance, having stable economic elements provides the foreign partner a constant and secure investment climate (Ozorhon et al. (2007). In authors opinion economic climate could affect IJV partnership viability, economic fluctuation, foreign exchange rates and inflation, with direct impact on the partner selection process. Businesses start joint ventures in other countries considering economic perspectives that fit their needs. The host countrys currency compared to foreign countrys currency, gives an opportunity to investors from foreign countries to benefit from cheap investments (Low cost of capitals) and increased wealth position. Currency appreciation makes higher material and manufacturing cost in foreign country hence foreign partner moves the production to host country to benefit from lower costs and gain more opportunity to compete and be a leader in the related market. Market Power The market power is focused on how businesses can get stronger and develop their market domain through international partnership (Child Faulkner, 1998). In authors opinion, successful companies with high position in the existing local market could take advantages of other countries market, enter international sale and extend their marketplace by starting partnership with other successful company in different countries. Also companies with advanced technologies and skillsets could start a joint venture partnership with small companies in other developing country to benefit from the raw market and extend their domain. Dominant market network, using partnership advantageous creates an International joint venture with mutual benefits to partners, increases growth opportunities and market power for both parties. Business market power is an essential deciding factor in selecting a partner. It is also critical to review the business and economic history of the environment, current climate and future predictions. The regional and national business performance, quality of life and people expenditure on similar product and services help to indicate the partners economic environment suitability. Development and management of international joint ventures in different environments creates their own challenges, above all cultural differences between two partners from different nations adds additional complexity. Other related issues and challenges are language barriers and consequence communication issues, management relationship conflicts, unclear objectives, different objectives, incompatible expertise / facilities, lack of partner support and involvement. Partner Compatibility Evaluation Before making any decision on selecting a joint venture partner, extensive research and detailed study are required to be carried out to identify the partners business prospects, objectives and the environmental and organisational characteristics. SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis is very beneficial and could be utilised to identify the potential partners weaknesses and strength and how they match the companys requirements. This would help to establish if two businesses complement each other (Barnes, 2010). During the International join venture module and the team exercises, author gathered a list of important criteria that are crucial in the partner selection process: Past reputation and positive track record of collaboration, good brand, culture (national and corporate culture), Organisation size, mutual benefit potentials, compatibility of CEOs and the senior management team, ability to work together in operation levels, government laws and regulations, strategic clarity and compatibility, management style, subject matter knowledge and skills, experience in the related market and assets (Barnes, 2010). In this assignment author is going to analyse and explore Cultural differences between partners and Compatible management style. Culture Why culture is an important factor? There should be a cultural fit between companies, for example it is difficult to match a bureaucratic culture to non-bureaucratic culture, as resources are not used to obey rigid rules (e.g. managers stamp or signature to process tasks). International joint venture partnership cannot avoid cultural differences; there will always be a case of hybrid structures. According to Swierczek (1994) majority of joint ventures partnership failures are caused by cultural related issues and mismatches. A study of 110 joint ventures between America and Asia shows 50% of failure is mostly affected by non-complementary cultures and incompatibilities. Partners culture influences commonly known assumptions, unrecorded rules and regulations and common understandings. It is important to evaluate the potential impact of the partnerships effects on the general skills, quality, resources and the company systems and organisational structure. Due to the cultural differences and the need of cooperation, there would be a need to compromise; however the effect of this needs to be analysed and the impact carefully evaluated (Swierczek, 1994). One important factor that determines the success rate of an international joint venture partnership is culture compatibility; without this partners cannot work together and conflict can occur. Compatible cultures can create same understanding and harmony between the partners. To understand cultures and the factors that could impact the possibility of their compatibility, author has evaluated different angles and viewpoints of culture. According to Hofstede (1984) core aspects of culture are: High power distance: Communication with higher positioned members and senior managers has formal process with hierarchy organisational system. Low power distance: Members feel equal, included in decision-makings and communication with senior members and environment is more relaxed and informal. Individualism: Contributor is focused on self-success, own benefits and objectives. Collectivism: Contributor has more interest in team success and group interest High uncertainty avoidance: Keeping away from risk and getting out of conflicts Low uncertainty avoidance: Comfortable with approaching risks and dealing with disagreement Femininity: In Feminine cultures values and approaches are modest, emotional and considerate. Masculinity: This culture is oriented by Competiveness, assertiveness and achievements In authors opinion it is evident that cultures with different values can face conflicts and disagreements, different nations can have different understandings and interpretations and culture as a foundation affects the conflict management style. In multicultural joint ventures, partners communication style will differ and could clash with each other; this could be very frustrating and create unsuccessful results. Different culture means different languages, different outlook, beliefs and problem solving approaches. According to Swierczek (1994) Asian culture generally avoids conflicts and when it occurs they seek help from senior members to suggest solutions but in European cultures there is less respect for hierarchy and when confrontation occurs, the negatives would be pointed out directly. In authors personal experience from Asian and European cultures, people with different cultures have dissimilar attitudes in business, partly because of the educational and discipline methods, that differs in cultural backgrounds. Partnership between two firms could be successful if cultural differences are realised and analysed in early stages. This would be by identifying the potential problems and conflicts with proposed solutions enabling partners to benefit from constructive aspects of multicultural approach. According to Swierczek (1994) building a correct and effective organisational culture and considering the involved cultures could reduce the possible conflicts. To make conflict management more effective two methods are introduced: 1. Compromise style To prevent any win-lose outcome, participants would negotiate and agree to give up their benefits partly so their partner would gain mutual benefits as well. Also when same objectives cannot be reached or more than one agreement is on the table, compromising needs to take place. 2. Collaborative style All the participants need to get involved and identify roots of conflicts and assess the possible outcomes and damages then introduce solutions agreed by everyone (Swierczek, 1994) According to Al-Khalifa and Peterson (1999) in many failed international joint venture (IJV) cases, manufacturing process doesnt last very long and this is caused by the lack of understanding of the local cultural, political and economic environment. Cultures need to fit between the organisations, a lot of international joint ventures collapse because of cultural misunderstanding and differences; it is useful to research the local market first before entering the collaboration. An example of cultural difference is looked at by Lynn (2002) between Japanese and American companies, where Americans had the impression that Japanese are efficient and hardworking but were disappointed when saw different results after starting the international joint venture in America. In Japaneses view deadlines werent as important as it was for Americans, Japanese were more concentrated on what they want to achieve regardless of time but Americans aimed to finish the work by the deadline however possible. This was a big problem for Americans when they used one of Japanese suppliers and received the order six months late. In authors opinion the definition of hardworking and efficiency in different cultures differs where Japanese seem to be aiming for the best result and improving the quality and less concerned about the deadlines. This could be very frustrating to opposite partner with different attitude. It is important that companies find a partner that are compatible and have the same perspective and understanding. Culture awareness and a full initial analysis phase, to gather the required information, helps partners to evaluate the possibility of working together successfully and provide the bases so that parties design a framework and set a realistic plan that would work for both cultures. Partner complementary skill According to Zahra and Elhagrasey, (1994) majority of International joint venture failures are caused by selecting a wrong partner. Partner selection by their brand popularity or reputation is not enough and further research is needed to determine if the partners are compatible If Partners skills and strength matches or compliments the business requirements, the partnership objectives could be successfully met; these requirements could be market, skills or resource access related. The range of skills that each partner can contribute to a partnership varies. A purpose of a partnership would be to fulfill the business requirements where the necessary skillsets such as technical skills, market knowledge skills, production skills, management skills or resource access skills are not at a sufficient level. This could also be due to the associated costs or time limitations challenges with producing these skills locally / internally. When two partners skill sets complement each other, partnership can work well together, however if two partners have similar or identical skill, disagreements and competition could occur. Organisations can often learn from the skills and experiences offered by the partner in an international joint venture to enhance their offerings and abilities. This could reduce the needs of future partnerships. Management Style It is challenging to manage International joint venture (IJV) companies that have been created by two or more parent companies. These companies have different structures, goals, management style and organisational cultures. People management conflicts become evident when partners discuss how the organisation will be managed and who will be in charge. According to Matthews (1999) the problems with international joint venture that require control and structured management are: Different background and cultures Business geographical locations Inevitable IJV short lifetime Joint business political issues The opportunities where management style could have a critical impact include: Combination of technical and business skills Access to IJV parents staff Organizational learning According to Matthews (1999), developing ethnocentric mindset in organisations tends to concentrate on parent companys management methods, be narrow-minded and inflexible. Traditional IJVs used to concentrate on parent companys management procedures and problem solving process which mostly ended up unsuccessful but some chose to approach global mindset and try to understand different cultures, agree to diversity and apply different management approaches where needed. Multiple IJVs management style Within multiple IJVs it is gathered that decentralised approach is more successful than centralised approach. After forming IJVs in different locations and setting up the operations successfully each overseas IJV would plan and react to local market demand. This would improve efficiency and make them able to respond to local customers immediately. According to (Yan and Duan, 2004) matching partners need to have compatible management culture and strategy, consensus on strategies, control and operations management. In authors opinion compatible management style is about managers with efficient communication and skills in creating a balanced relationship between partners. Management control and strategy is the key to be agreed by both parties to prevent any conflicts during the IJV and management control to prevent problems such as rush growth, ineffective use of resources and autonomous goals. Within this process partners need to have a structured management system and build an independent organisational culture. According to Gil and Butler (2003) it is easier to work with an international partner when managers have international business experience and cultural knowledge, this awareness enables them to adapt to environment, have positive attitude, respect multicultural environment and identify business partners capabilities Therefore having multicultural market knowledge can create an opportunity for both partners to understand and respect cultures, agreeing on what is best for joint partnership. According to Gil and Butler (2003) the stability of the relationship depends on trust, conflict and dependenceÂÂ  influenced by management skills affecting IJV performance. Some of the important skills in managing IJV are: Negotiation skills: Compromise, exchange ideas and make decisions at different levels e.g. Engineers and Stakeholders Management Political skills: Negotiate and communicate with government members involved in IJV Diplomacy: Dealing with conflicts and resistance within the partner relationship Inter-partner skills: Managing partnership, communication, expectations and setting objectives Influential skills: Influence and motivate team members Managing ambiguity: Bringing objectives and vision as close as possible. In authors opinion in hybrid IJV organisations, it is difficult to avoid conflicts and control system with openness management style. First steps in IJV early stages are: To identify problems and related solutions agreed by everyone To plan and ensure that the management strategy matches the IJV environment Flexible management approach to adopt as changes happen Balanced relationship creates harmony and trust, successfulÂÂ  managementÂÂ  of an international joint venture mainly depends on a balanced partnership which is based on trust and shared ownership, where parties communicate effectively and clearly to help efficient move towards common goals and clear objectives. At the same time extra cautious needs to be taken when dealing with sensitiveÂÂ  culturalÂÂ  andÂÂ  regionalÂÂ  issues, withÂÂ  a certainÂÂ  degreeÂÂ  ofÂÂ  diplomacy, people andÂÂ  languageÂÂ  skills. Creating good condition for partnership Prior to start of any engagement when forming a joint venture partnership, it is essential for both parties to setup an agreement clearly defining expectations and scope. This will form a clear understanding between partners and helps with effectiveness of communications between parties (Barnes, 2010). In authors opinion to increase the chances of relationship survivor it is important to be open about every aspect of the business from beginning in particularly about financial matters to gain the partners trust. Agreements on goals, responsibilities and performance measurements (KPI) in early stages could indicate any problems and warnings, which could be resolved and prevented in early stages. In the meantime flexible relationship and atmosphere is essential to allow freedom of speech and involvement in suggesting improvements or even change of original objectives. Any partnership would encounter problems and disagreements, however looking at problems positively and promoting an attitude to create situations where win-win approach (Barnes, 2010) is applied is the key for creating a good condition for a successful partnership. There are a number of elements that would significantly impact the condition of an international joint venture experience and environments: Invest time and effort to get to know the partner In an international joint venture partnership it is important for the parties to take the time to get to know each others organisational structure, cultural habits and methods of work. Clear objectives Setting clear objectives and goals prior to any engagements is essential to prevent any ambiguity and conflicts. Management style IJV complex environment could create conflict and ambiguity between partners, compatible management skills could create balanced relationship. Roles and responsibility definition and assignment In a complex joint venture partnership with a large number of unknowns and a mixture of cultures, habits, structures and skillsets, roles and responsibilities ought to be defined clearly to avoid disappointment and ensure effective partnership condition. Expectation management Open and honest communications from start of the business to the end is essential, people involved need to understand what will be achieved and when this will be achieved. Everyone needs to understand the objectives and progress of them. Misunderstood or unrealistic expectations can make a successful process ending as a failure. Create Trust When an environment is stabilised and partners have agreed on compatible goals with set mutual benefits, both parties need to work on gaining each others trust to enable smooth process avoiding unnecessary red tapes to maximise efficiency and workforce effectiveness. Risk forecast, evaluation and prevention It is important for companies in a joint venture partnership, to identify and evaluate the risks related to the partnership program and the associated impacts. Identifying problems and risk evaluation in early stages would prevent any unexpected surprises during the process. Also this would give an opportunity toÂÂ  analyse issues and find solutions. Following are examples of potential risks with IJV partnership: Language barriers Multinational partnership involves different languages; a solution needs to be applied to overcome language barriers. Full reliance on interpreters and translators could introduce additional risks where individuals do not have the required technical and related business experiences. It is highly advantageous if the employee involved with the business strategy, have related knowledge, background as well as being bilingual. Culture Different cultures represent unknowns and risks. Respecting multicultural environment and having awareness could prevent future conflicts, create opportunities to utilise multinational benefits and minimize the level of disagreements between parties. Politics Government laws and regulations vary in different countries. Time need to be invested to fully understand the local policies where the venture is based. Organisational strategies Organisational strategies mismatch between companies could directly or indirectly affect the objectives. These inconsistencies are required to be identified and highlighted to be considered during the planning phase to avoid potential future issues. Geographic consideration Local and related market condition as well as work ethic should be considered and matching business environment appropriately applied. Communication Clear communication is crucial in IJV environment where a lot of conflicts and confusion could occur because of cultural differences. Setting an open networks and freedom where employees can approach management levels easily could create an opportunity for everyone to get involved. Conclusion For countries to develop, create new technologies, use new facilities market and products, joint venture is very beneficial. Joint venture is an opportunity to boost businesses and continues to occur in more countries. Every international joint venture starts with different cultures and because of its multicultural nature it is unavoidable to experience disagreements. Creating mutual benefits and harmonious environments with common objectives and agreed values can overcome the cultural differences and create common culture which benefits partners and uses the positive side of multicultural partnership. It might be more effective to invest in countries that have similar cultures because it would be easier to understand the business networks, market needs and to resolve problems. With countries developing to be multicultural and expanded communication network reaching further distances, it is getting easier to approach new opportunities. People are interested to know other cultures and learn about others. The challenges and complexity in different cultures is unavoidable but nations awareness is very high hence their approach to each other is very positive and relaxed. While achieving strategic fit is more fundemental to the viability of a partnership,a good cultural fit optimises the potential of the partnership and helps to avoid the threats to its continuation which arise from misunderstanding and antipathy. While it is important for partners in an IJV to establish a strategic fit to help improve feasibility of a partnership, an effective cultural match between the companies creates opportunities for a stronger relationship. This helps to avoid misunderstanding, risks and potential issues that could cause damage the partnership. Partners need to establish trust, honesty and priorities to understand elements of successful IJV, structuring relative management style, which is independent from parents company strategy and assigning partners management responsibilities according to their expertise promises positive outcome at the end of the partnership. Partners require creating a relationship based on honesty trust. It is vital for the parties to invest time and resource to understand fundamentals of a successful IJV partnership. Reforming and creating a relative management strategy, which is independent from partner companies are key to a successful joint venture partnership.

Dram Shop Laws Essay

Dram shop laws are instituted for all places which serve alcoholic beverages including restaurants, taverns and bars. An employee of these establishments may not serve alcohol to minors or those ‘visibly intoxicated’. If the person which consumed the beverage leaves the establishment, gets in an accident or causes bodily harm to another person, the establishment and the server may be held liable for damages. However, this should not be the case. Those who were intoxicated and caused the accident should be the only ones held liable for damages he or she caused to another person. Too many people take advantage of the legal proponent which allows these places which serve alcohol to be held liable. I would like to remove this proponent and make a revision to Montana’s Dram Shop laws, making it better for servers and consumers alike. In the following I will tell you some positive and negative outcomes if this change ever were to occur. I am going to answer the question of the whether Montana should have the liability clause which puts establishments at risk of being held financially responsible. In order to come to a conclusion, both sides must be heard. I will begin why we should remove these laws and positive outcomes. Should Montana in fact have liability clauses which enable the tavern or bar to be held liable? The job of a bartender can be a tedious and stressful one. By removing the liability element of the Dram Shop laws, bartenders can focus on their jobs instead of on attempting to recognize the signs of someone who is ‘visibly intoxicated’ (Rumberger: Kirk & Caldwell). This becomes especially difficult on a bustling Saturday evening when the bass of the band is thrumming in your ears and ten different people are calling out, â€Å"Bartender! On busy Saturday nights, not only are the bartenders kept busy, but the tills are as well. Businesses make quite a bit of money on nights like these; however the liability clause can put a damper on the profits of small, local businesses. Part of a bartender’s whole job is to encourage the buying of alcohol, and the drinker should respond by leaving when he or she has noticed they have developed that ‘buzzed’ feeling. The bartender’s job is simple; tend the bar and comply with the wishes of your customers. When servers have to cut off drinkers, feelings are often brushed and money lost. When someone gets particularly offended, physical altercations can often occur, posing a major health safety risk for all those in the bar. With these laws in place, often bartenders and bouncers put their welfare on the line when it comes to removing drunken patrons. When is seemingly too intoxicated to continue drinking, it is the duty of the bartender to refuse any further service to the customer. Even though this is required by law, it can often result in one if not both, of the parties involved to leave with a bump or bruise, if not worse. When it comes to injuries in public establishments, people these days seem to get all together ‘sue-happy. ’ Without these laws putting liability on establishments which took no part in the maiming of others, the person who actually committed the offence will be the only one who can be held responsible. There are many cases which someone is offended, injured or leaves and commits another crime which can then be financially supported by the small business. Now that I have gone over the positives, I will now explain the negative effects of the removal of this element of the Dram Shop laws. We all know drunk driving is an all too common occurrence in the United States. Most people probably don’t know that a studies conducted have shown that nearly 80 million trips a year are made with a driver having consumed some amount of alcohol (Major Mark Willingham). This means that all establishments must do their part in making these numbers go down. By keeping these laws, bartenders will continue to be pressured to keep people better under-control in bars and taverns. Bartenders are specially trained to recognize the signs of people when they are beginning to show signs of intoxication and how to handle the following situations. Without these laws, employees will lose the proper training by employers with the lack of enforcement (CADCA). These guidelines can help to quickly clear up situations which pose a threat to the server or those also in the bar. As an establishment which serves alcohol, taverns and bars have an obligation to their customers to perform all aspects of proper service (expertpages. om). When someone comes into a place to be served alcohol, bartenders should be able to aid in helping for these customers get home by cutting them off. They are also supposed to provide any service which is asked, usually complied with a cheery demeanor. All these aspects create the foundation for proper service in these establishments. Without the liability element of the Dram shop laws, there is an element of pressure which can result in the loss of proper service. The blatant cause for most terms of Dram shop laws is simple; reduce harmful alcohol consumption and all accidents which would be classified as alcohol-related (whatworksforhealth. com). With all the fine-toothed combed sections of these laws, the ideal set-up has been instituted in communities in order to control these situations. With the concept of liability, these laws do not only hold the person who committed the crime or offence, but can help to keep bars and taverns in check and doing their jobs. Some terms that must be corrected before this law becomes valid are the concept of ‘visual intoxication. ’ There is no clear definition by which you can define someone as visibly drunk, some people are just morons. Some people act more or less drunk than they are. The legal drinking age of 21 must also be clearly stated. I still believe that the liability aspects of Dram Shop laws should be removed. Bartenders keep clients in line as much as possible, but should not suffer blame and loss of business in order to make an educated guess at the intoxicated state of another person. Too many people have taken advantage of these small businesses and there needs to be only one person, the one truly responsible, to be held liable. When these establishments get slam-jammed busy, there is no way for one or two people to properly assess the mental state of someone, especially a stranger. Enough pressure is applied to these businesses in economic times like those we are in. we should take away the possibility that someone could take business, money and good name of any bar or tavern.